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Excavations, Ghozza, Egypt
Depiction of shackled man on fifth-century b.c. Greek vessel
Archaeologists working in Egypt’s Eastern Desert have unearthed evidence of the harsh treatment endured by some Ptolemaic-era miners. Egypt’s gold mines were a coveted source of wealth for its rulers for more than 2,000 years. Mining was particularly intensive at the beginning of the Ptolemaic period (304–30 b.c.), when the first Ptolemaic pharaohs required gold to fund military campaigns and
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