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This 13th-century French manuscript depicts the defeat of the Crusaders in 1187 at the Battle of Hattin by the Muslim leader Saladin. This established his military dominance in the Holy Land and triggered the Third Crusade.
"God wills it,” cried the crowd gathered on November 18, 1095, in the northern French city of Clermont in direct response to Pope Urban II’s entreaty that they come to the aid of their Christian brethren in the east. The Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, threatene
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