Desert Paradise Found

Features May/June 2025

How a tiny, water-rich kingdom came to dominate vital trade routes in the Arabian Gulf 4,000 years ago
Courtesy BACA/Moesgaard Museum
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Ruins of the capital city of Dilmun, on the island of Bahrain, are visible alongside a fort dating to the sixteenth century a.d. Dilmun founded its capital around 2000 b.c., when it increasingly dominated trade between Mesopotamia and lands to the east.

Some of the earliest texts from Mesopotamia describe a paradise called Dilmun. These accounts, written in the late fourth millennium b.c., tell of a place far off in the middle of the sea where fresh water flows from the ground, where people l

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